Allergan acquired Oculinum from Scott just a couple of years later, renaming it Botox. In , Canadian eye doctor Jean Carruthers was using Botox to treat blepharospasm in a patient. Jean brought the discovery to her husband, dermatologist Alastair Carruthers. The couple devoted their time to experimenting with their wrinkle-relaxing discovery, and published their first study in Above all else, the modern history of Botox is a tale of off-label innovation.
By that time, Botox for off-label meaning not FDA approved wrinkle-smoothing was so popular that demand outweighed supply, resulting in a national shortage.
In the early s, cosmetic applications for the injectable neurotoxin were functional if not inconspicuous. Botox Cosmetic was innovative for its ability to treat wrinkles, not the elegance with which it did so. Though the same formula as its medical counterpart, it was marketed as Botox Cosmetic. The neurotoxic effects of cosmetic Botox work by interfering with nerve signals to prevent muscle contraction.
In doing so, it can temporarily diminish the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. In the UK, botulinum toxin injections need to be prescribed in person by a pharmacist, nurse, doctor, or dentist. In the US, laws regarding who can administer Botox are different from state to state. As with all cosmetic injections, artistry and style should be top of mind.
More recently, a new generation of young influencer-types began discussing their injections in a way that makes the cosmetic procedure feel commonplace.
Allergan enlisted brand ambassadors like year-old Lo Bosworth to help attract millennial consumers. Instagrammers like botoxbunny use memes and TikTok to target a younger audience. But generally speaking, the majority of his patients want a more natural look.
Young faces are dynamic and full of expression. So a lineless, but frozen face presents the interesting paradox of looking not exactly young but also not exactly old. Not all doctors believe in using botulinum toxin as a preventative.
By blocking nerves from sending signals to the muscle to contract, Botox essentially paralyzes the muscles for short-term periods. During World War II, military scientists experimented with it. Though it can be times more toxic than cyanide, it is extremely difficult to turn into a weapon. When the Army disbanded its Chemical Corps, the toxin was provided to curious academic researchers.
Scott was the first to discover, in the early s, that laboratory test monkeys responded well to injections of drugs into eye muscles. He found that the paralysis of botulinum toxin was confined to the targeted muscle, could last for quite a while and had no side effects. During that period, he and his colleagues developed Teflon-insulated needles to locate and paralyze eye muscles to treat strabismus, the crossed or other misalignment of the eyes. That condition afflicts as many as 4 percent of Americans.
They joined with colleagues to publish a study last year with a grant from the National Institutes of Health and other sources showing that the drug bupivacaine -- a local anesthetic -- could strengthen the eye muscle opposite the muscle that was weakened by Botox.
They found strabismus was successfully corrected in two-thirds of patients tested. They include: itching, rash, red itchy welts, wheezing, asthma symptoms, or dizziness or feeling faint.
Get medical help right away if you are wheezing or have asthma symptoms, or if you become dizzy or faint. Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take , including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Results may vary. Many complications can be avoided with proper placement of the injection, he added. When surgeons inject Botox in the upper lid, they increase the risk of causing a ptosis.
Improperly placed injections in the lower lid may cause diplopia or ectropion, Dr. Levine said. The technique is not difficult to learn, and many books and articles have been written on how to do it, he said. Fagien also urged surgeons to read as much as they can on the subject, from studies in medical journals to articles in the lay press. Lipham noted that the risk for complications often depends on where the injection is administered.
Patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for instance, require Botox injections along the eyelid crease and are at a greater risk for developing upper eyelid ptosis, he said.
Upper eyelid ptosis is caused when Botox diffuses behind the orbital septum and weakens the levator muscle, Dr. The incidence of upper eyelid ptosis when Botox is injected for cosmetic indications, however, is much lower, and it rarely occurs when the product is administered properly. Patients should not receive Botox if they have a neuromuscular disorder, if they are taking aminoglycoside antibiotics, which cause an increased sensitivity to the drug, or if they are pregnant, trying to conceive or breast-feeding, according to Dr.
In addition, patients with egg allergies may have an increased likelihood of an allergic reaction since the Botox molecule is stabilized by human albumin, a protein that is similar to egg albumin, Dr. Putterman, who participated in early clinical trials with Botox, said there is no data to suggest that patients should limit the number of injections they undergo.
He said he still treats some of the same patients who started Botox injections 20 years ago, and they have experienced no adverse reactions. Patients generally return for an injection within 3 to 6 months, surgeons said.
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