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It turns out that the dermis is loaded with capillaries. Capillaries satisfy the nutritional needs of the cells in the dermis, and they also help the skin perform an important cooling function in humans.
The epidermis has no direct blood supply, but instead is supported and fed by the dermis. Learn more about the dermis on the next page and how it relates to melanoma and sun exposure.
The dermis is where the action is functionally. The dermis contains sweat glands, hair follicles each with its own tiny little muscle so that your "hair can stand on end"! There are several different types of nerve endings:. All these different nerve endings let you sense the world. They also help you protect yourself from burns, punctures and the like by warning you when something is damaging your skin. The epidermis is your interface to the world, and it is actually quite interesting. It has two main layers, the inner of which is living and the outer of which is dead.
The dead skin cells of the outer layer are what we can actually see, and they are constantly flaking off and being replaced by new cells being pushed outward. The living, inner layer of the skin is called the malpighian layer. The malpighian layer creates the dead cells that we can see. It is in direct contact with the dermis, which feeds and supports it.
The malpighian layer is our focus of attention actually, because it is here that the sun affects the skin during tanning. The malpighian layer is itself layered like this:. Above the granular layer is the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outer layer of dead cells -- the cells that we see as our skin. The cells in this layer are filled with a protein called keratin. Keratin is a very interesting protein because it is tough -- horns, hair, hoofs, fingernails and feathers all gain their strength from keratin.
The same stuff that your fingernails are made of actually forms your visible skin but in a much thinner and more flexible layer. That is what makes your skin so tough. In parts of the body that get a lot of wear, like the palms and the feet, the stratum corneum is thicker to handle the abrasion. Living among the basal cells in the malpighian layer is another type of cell called a melanocyte. Melanocytes produce melanin , which is a pigment that is the source of tanning.
The melanocytes are actually where a tan comes from. Here is what the Encyclopedia Britannica has to say about melanocytes:. Not only do melanocytes produce a tan, they are also responsible for the form of cancer called melanoma. Melanoma is caused by UV radiation damage to melanocytes. Repeated exposure to UV can cause cancerous mutations.
The living, inner layer is called the malpighian layer. One of the interesting things about UV radiation is that it is reflected by different surfaces.
These reflections can amplify the effects of UV exposure. That is why you can get snow blindness and severe sunburns from skiing on a sunny day. On the other hand, certain things absorb almost all UV radiation partially or completely. Glass is one of these substances -- many glasses are very good absorbers of UV which is why you may have heard that you cannot get sunburn in a greenhouse -- just make sure it is glass and not plastic covering the greenhouse! Most sunscreens use chemicals that have the same UV-absorbing properties.
So, now that we know all about the skin we can start to actually understand tans and sunburns. When you get a tan, what is actually happening is that the melanocytes are producing melanin pigment in reaction to ultraviolet light in sunlight. Ultraviolet light stimulates melanin production. The pigment has the effect of absorbing the UV radiation in sunlight, so it protects the cells from UV damage.
Melanin production takes a fair amount of time -- that is why most people cannot get a tan in one day. Your immune system responds by increasing blood flow to the affected areas, which is why sunburns are red and feel warm to the touch. At the same time, chemicals released by the damaged skin cells message your brain, which results in pain. This happens anywhere from 6 to 48 hours after sun exposure. Your body increases the production of melanin as a way to try to protect your skin from further damage.
Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of your skin, hair, and eyes. There are actually a few things you can and should do for your sunburn that may help it feel better and lower your chances of complications, like infection. Severe sunburns may require medical treatment. To treat a mild to moderate sunburn at home , give these tips a try:.
If you want to get that sun-kissed glow without risking your health, then consider some UV-free alternatives. You have a couple options. When the pain goes away for good, it usually means that your skin is healed, and that's important. There are a few steps that can help with pain management. There are two tips for your shower treatment. First, don't take a warm shower. Even if you feel a little cold, adding heat to the equation makes things worse. Second, don't take a frigid shower.
Sunburns mess with your body's ability to regulate temperature. A too-cold shower can leave you with lasting chills and mess you up. A nice, cool shower will relieve the pain, reduce swelling, and help your skin begin its recovery.
Many medications can help with pain, but medications that treat the root of the problem are the best way to go. Those are anti-inflammatory medications. Ibuprofen is the go-to Advil, Motrin or generic. Naproxen can also help if you have a reason not to take ibuprofen. The anti-inflammatory properties will help lessen the pain and help your skin heal.
Cucumber slices go right on the burn itself. They work as a cooling salve and have natural properties that help you heal.
Aloe vera is one of the most useful things in the world for treating sunburns and is sometimes even found in shaving cream believe it or not. It has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces discomfort, and it moisturizes. An Aloe vera gel or lotion can do the trick. You want black tea for this trick.
Soak it in water for about a minute cool or lukewarm water is fine. Once the bags are saturated, put them on the burned area. They'll work as a salve and help you get some relief. When you mix baking soda with water, you get a paste, and that paste can treat a sunburn. Baking soda works to de-ionize chemicals. Since your skin burned because the sun ionized it, this seems like a logical solution to the problem.
The baking soda won't penetrate deep burns, but it can provide rapid help to shallow burns. If you pay attention, you might have noticed that your skin gets dry after a sunburn; this is one of the major problems with burns. An oatmeal bath is a great way to moisturize your skin and mitigate sun damage. It will help you heal faster. Like baking soda, vinegar can work as a de-ionizing agent. In truth, some people get the best results by using both remedies just not simultaneously as they will quite literally cancel each other out.
Hydrocortisone cream is the big gun in skin moisturizers. Use it liberally after a sunburn. You can revitalize your skin from within. Drinking water allows you to hydrate the natural way. Drink plenty of extra water. Also, consume some electrolytes to help you absorb the water. You don't need a ton, but water by itself won't work as fast.
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